Code of Federal Regulations — Title 14 (Aeronautics and Space)
Short name: 14 CFR
Title 14 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations — Aeronautics and Space (FAA, Commercial Space, NASA), sourced from eCFR.
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14 CFR Part 1 provides definitions and abbreviations for Federal Aviation Regulations. It defines key aviation terms including aircraft, air carriers, airports, air traffic control, airspace concepts, and related equipment. The regulation establishes standardized terminology for regulatory compliance and operational safety across US air transportation.
General Rulemaking Procedures
14 CFR Part 11 establishes general rulemaking procedures for FAA issuance, amendment, and repeal of regulations under the Administrative Procedure Act. It defines key procedural instruments including advance notices of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM), notices of proposed rulemaking (NPRM), supplemental notices (SNPRM), final rules, direct final rules, and petitions for exemption or rulemaking. The part outlines the FAA's framework for public notice and comment procedures, including circumstances for issuing final rules with request for comments without prior notice when impracticable or unnecessary.
Certification Procedures for Products and Articles
SFAR 88 establishes fuel tank system fault tolerance evaluation requirements for transport category turbine-powered airplanes with 30+ passenger capacity or 7,500+ pound payload capacity. Certificate holders must conduct safety reviews to ensure compliance with fuel tank design standards, develop necessary design changes, create maintenance and inspection instructions to prevent ignition sources, and submit reports for approval by the Aircraft Certification Service within specified compliance timeframes.
Continued Airworthiness and Safety Improvements for Transport Category Airplanes
14 CFR Part 26 establishes regulatory requirements for maintaining continued airworthiness and implementing safety improvements for transport category airplanes. The rule applies to type certificate holders, supplemental type certificate applicants, and airplane manufacturers, requiring development of design assessments, airworthiness directives, and Instructions for Continued Airworthiness (ICA). Key provisions address electrical wiring interconnection systems (EWIS) maintenance programs for turbine-powered transport aircraft with 30+ passenger capacity or 7,500+ pounds payload capacity, mandating comprehensive ICA development and review by FAA Aircraft Certification Service offices.
Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft
14 CFR Part 27 establishes airworthiness standards for type certification of normal category rotorcraft weighing 7,000 pounds or less with up to nine passenger seats. It mandates safety requirements including combined safety belts and shoulder harnesses with single-point release for all occupants (effective post-September 1992), head injury protection, and compliance demonstration through testing or calculation across all loading conditions and weight/center-of-gravity combinations.
Fuel Venting and Exhaust Emission Requirements for Turbine Engine Powered Airplanes
14 CFR Part 34 establishes fuel venting and exhaust emission requirements for turbine engine powered airplanes certified under US airworthiness standards. The regulation defines key terms and classifications for aircraft gas turbine engines (turboprops, turbofans, turbojets) and outlines compliance frameworks, including provisions for derivative engines, exemptions, and emission measurement systems aligned with ICAO Annex 16 standards.
Noise Standards: Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification
14 CFR Part 36 establishes noise standards for aircraft type certification and airworthiness certification in the United States. It applies to subsonic transport category large airplanes, jet airplanes, propeller-driven small and commuter airplanes, helicopters, tiltrotors, and Concorde aircraft. Applicants must demonstrate compliance with specified noise limits and stage classifications (Stage 1 and Stage 2) when seeking type certificates, standard airworthiness certificates, or restricted category airworthiness certificates.
Registration and Marking Requirements for Small Unmanned Aircraft
14 CFR Part 48 establishes registration and marking requirements for small unmanned aircraft in the United States. Eligible aircraft must be registered with the FAA's Civil Aviation Registry unless they weigh 0.55 pounds or less and operate under Part 107 exemptions, or are U.S. Armed Forces aircraft. Registration eligibility requires ownership by U.S. citizens, permanent resident aliens, qualifying U.S.-based corporations, or government entities. Owners must provide required information to obtain an FAA Certificate of Aircraft Registration.
Recording of Aircraft Titles and Security Documents
14 CFR Part 49 establishes procedures for recording aircraft titles and security documents with the FAA Aircraft Registry. The regulation applies to conveyances affecting title to registered aircraft, aircraft engines of 550+ rated takeoff horsepower, propellers of 750+ rated shaft horsepower, and spare parts maintained by certificated air carriers. Recording requires delivery to the Registry in acceptable form, proper signatures, and applicable fees. Conveyance validity is governed by the state law where the instrument is delivered.
Requirements for Operating Certain Small Aircraft Without a Medical Certificate
14 CFR Part 68 establishes medical education and examination requirements for pilots operating small aircraft without holding an FAA medical certificate under § 61.113(i). Pilots must complete an FAA-approved medical education course covering self-assessments, warning signs of medical conditions, risk mitigation, medication impacts, and regulatory prohibitions. A comprehensive medical examination by a State-licensed physician using an FAA checklist is required, with results and certifications transmitted to the FAA. Pilots must certify they understand the prohibition on flying while medically unfit and authorize access to their driving records.
Safe, Efficient Use, and Preservation of the Navigable Airspace
14 CFR Part 77 establishes FAA notice and review requirements for proposed construction or alteration of structures that may affect navigable airspace safety and efficiency. The regulation defines obstruction standards, requires notification to the FAA for certain projects, mandates aeronautical studies to assess impacts on air navigation facilities, and provides a petition process for discretionary FAA review of determinations.
IFR Altitudes
14 CFR Part 95 establishes instrument flight rules (IFR) altitudes for aircraft operating on ATS routes and other direct routes, defining key altitude designations including MEA (minimum en route altitude), MAA (maximum authorized altitude), MOCA (minimum obstruction clearance altitude), MCA (minimum crossing altitude), and MRA (minimum reception altitude). The regulation designates mountainous areas and changeover points to ensure safe navigation and continuous signal reception from ground-based navigation aids.
Standard Instrument Procedures
14 CFR Part 97 prescribes standard instrument approach procedures and obstacle departure procedures for civil airports in the United States, defining weather minimums for IFR landings and takeoffs. The regulation establishes aircraft approach categories based on reference landing speeds, defines approach procedure segments (initial, intermediate, final, and missed approach), and provides terminology and standards for helicopter and powered-lift procedures.
Ultralight Vehicles
14 CFR Part 103 establishes operating rules for ultralight vehicles in the United States. Ultralight vehicles are single-occupant, recreational aircraft that meet specific weight and performance criteria (unpowered: <155 lbs; powered: <254 lbs empty weight, ≤5 gal fuel, ≤55 knots airspeed, ≤24 knots stall speed). The regulation exempts ultralights from airworthiness certification, pilot certification, and registration requirements, but mandates safe operations including daylight-only flight, right-of-way compliance with other aircraft, restrictions over congested areas, and prohibited operations in controlled airspace.
Parachute Operations
14 CFR Part 105 establishes federal regulations governing parachute operations conducted in the United States, including parachute jumps and drops. The regulation defines key terms such as approved parachutes, drop zones, and parachute operations, and specifies applicability rules with exemptions for emergency operations and military activities. It establishes requirements for equipment certification, personnel supervision, and operational procedures.
Flight and Duty Limitations and Rest Requirements: Flightcrew Members
14 CFR Part 117 establishes flight and duty limitations and rest requirements for flightcrew members operating passenger aircraft under FAA Part 121 certificates. The regulation defines key terms including flight duty period, duty, fatigue, rest, and acclimation, and applies to domestic, flag, and supplemental passenger operations. It prescribes limits on flight time, duty periods, and minimum rest intervals to ensure flightcrew fitness for duty and aviation safety.
Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Airplanes
14 CFR Part 23 establishes airworthiness standards for normal category airplanes, specifically addressing cockpit voice recorder requirements. Operators must install approved recorders that capture radio communications, flight crew voice communications, interphone system transmissions, navigation aid signals, and datalink messages on separate channels. Recorders must be powered reliably, automatically stop within 10 minutes of crash impact, and remain operable without compromising essential aircraft systems.
Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines
14 CFR Part 33 prescribes airworthiness standards for aircraft engine type certificates and modifications. It requires applicants to demonstrate compliance with engine safety and performance standards, prepare instructions for continued airworthiness and operation, and establish engine ratings and operating limitations approved by the Administrator. Installation and operation instructions must detail engine mounting, connections, control instruments, operating procedures, power ratings, and safety analysis assumptions.
Certification: Flight Crewmembers Other Than Pilots
14 CFR Part 63 establishes certification requirements for flight engineers and flight navigators on U.S.-registered civil aircraft. It specifies eligibility criteria, medical qualification standards, certificate possession requirements, and application procedures. Foreign nationals may obtain certificates only when needed for U.S. aircraft operations, and certificates issued by foreign countries are recognized when operating within those countries.
Special Use Airspace
14 CFR Part 73 establishes the framework for Special Use Airspace, designating airspace where activities must be confined or aircraft operations restricted. It defines restricted areas with specified altitude and horizontal limits, prescribes requirements for using and controlling agencies, and mandates annual reporting by using agencies on their restricted area activities to the FAA.
Pilot Records Database
14 CFR Part 111 establishes rules governing the Pilot Records Database (PRD), a centralized system for accessing pilot employment and disciplinary records. The regulation applies to air carriers, operators of multi-aircraft businesses, fractional ownership programs, and public aircraft operators. It requires compliance by September 9, 2024, superseding the prior Pilot Records Improvement Act (PRIA). The PRD enables authorized users employed by covered operators to report and evaluate pilot records for employment screening purposes.
Aircraft Registration
14 CFR Part 47 establishes FAA requirements for registering aircraft in the United States. The regulation defines eligibility criteria, including ownership by U.S. citizens, resident aliens, or certain corporations, and mandates that aircraft owners submit an Aircraft Registration Application (AC Form 8050-1). Registration is required before operating eligible aircraft unless carrying temporary authorization or operated by the Armed Forces.
Rules Implementing the Equal Access to Justice Act of 1980
14 CFR Part 14 implements the Equal Access to Justice Act by establishing rules for awarding attorney fees and expenses to eligible parties who prevail in adversary adjudications before the FAA. Eligible applicants include individuals with net worth under $2 million, small businesses and organizations with net worth under $7 million and fewer than 500 employees, and tax-exempt organizations. Awards are available for covered proceedings under 49 U.S.C. 46301-46303 unless the FAA's position was substantially justified or special circumstances make an award unjust.
Airplane Fuel Efficiency Certification
14 CFR Part 38 establishes fuel efficiency certification requirements for commercial aircraft seeking original type certification. The rule applies to subsonic jet airplanes with maximum takeoff mass exceeding 5,700 kg and propeller-driven airplanes exceeding 8,618 kg, with phased implementation beginning January 2021. Exemptions include amphibious aircraft, specialized-operation designs, and reciprocating-engine-powered aircraft.
Certification: Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers
This regulation establishes the process for FAA air traffic control specialists to request waivers of the mandatory separation age of 56 years. Requests must be filed in writing with the Air Traffic Manager between 12 months and 6 months before the specialist turns 56, and must include evidence of exceptional skills, certifications, experience at multiple facilities, and shift schedules. Requests are reviewed and recommended by facility managers and regional senior executives for final Administrator approval.
Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft
FAA regulation establishing remote identification requirements for unmanned aircraft operations in U.S. airspace. Operators must ensure aircraft broadcast required message elements from takeoff to shutdown, either through standard remote identification equipment or alternative broadcast modules. Requirements apply to registered aircraft and foreign civil unmanned aircraft, with compliance mandatory after September 16, 2023.
Special Air Traffic Rules
This regulation prescribes special air traffic rules for aircraft operating in the Anchorage, Alaska, Terminal Area. It establishes detailed geographic boundaries and altitude limits for three airspace segments (International, Merrill, and Lake Hood), defined by specific geographic coordinates, landmarks, and bearing lines from Anchorage International Airport and surrounding facilities.
General Requirements
14 CFR Part 110 establishes general requirements and definitions governing all operations under FAA subchapter G, including commercial air tours, commuter operations, domestic operations, all-cargo operations, and flag operations. It defines key terms such as direct air carrier, empty weight, and operational categories based on aircraft type, passenger capacity, and payload capacity to establish regulatory applicability.
Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems
14 CFR Part 107 establishes federal regulations for the registration, airman certification, and operation of civil small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) weighing less than 55 pounds in U.S. airspace. The rule defines key terms, specifies exemptions for certain operations, and sets inspection and compliance demonstration requirements for remote pilots and UAS operators.
Safety Management Systems
14 CFR Part 5 establishes mandatory Safety Management Systems (SMS) for U.S. aviation operators holding Part 121/135 certificates and aircraft manufacturers with type or production certificates. SMS must include safety policy, risk management, assurance processes, and promotion; organizations must document hazards, analyze risks, implement controls, and measure safety performance. Existing acceptable SMS must be revised by May 28, 2025.
Identification and Registration Marking
14 CFR Part 45 prescribes marking and identification requirements for aircraft, engines, propellers, and related products manufactured under FAA type certificates or production approvals. Manufacturers must attach fireproof identification plates containing specified information in locations that are legible, accessible, and secure against defacement or loss during normal service or accidents.
Moored Balloons, Kites, Amateur Rockets, and Unmanned Free Balloons
14 CFR Part 101 establishes operational rules for moored balloons, kites, amateur rockets, and unmanned free balloons in U.S. airspace. The regulation defines applicability thresholds (e.g., balloons over 6 feet diameter, kites over 5 pounds, unmanned balloons with payloads exceeding 4-12 pounds depending on configuration), prohibits operations in restricted areas without permission, requires 24-hour FAA notice for unshielded operations above 150 feet, and mandates lighting and marking for nighttime operations. Maximum altitude is 500 feet above ground except near structures.
Rules of Practice for Federally-Assisted Airport Enforcement Proceedings
This regulation establishes the Rules of Practice for FAA enforcement proceedings involving federally-assisted airports. It governs FAA proceedings under various statutes including the Airport and Airway Improvement Act and Anti-Head Tax Act, defining jurisdictional scope, applicable authorities, and procedures for handling complaints and investigations related to airport operations and compliance with federal grant assurances.
Procedures for Protests and Contract Disputes
14 CFR Part 17 establishes procedures for filing and resolving bid protests and contract disputes involving FAA contracts through the Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition (ODRA). The regulation applies to disputes filed after October 7, 2011, and defines key terms including contract claims, alternative dispute resolution processes, and the roles of dispute resolution officers and compensated neutrals in adjudicating FAA acquisition disputes.
Airworthiness Standards: Manned Free Balloons
Part 31 establishes airworthiness standards for manned free balloons seeking FAA type certificates. It defines balloon types (captive gas and hot air), prescribes weight limits and performance requirements including minimum climb rates and descent procedures, and requires compliance demonstration through testing or equivalent calculations across all authorized operating weights and conditions.
Medical Standards and Certification
14 CFR Part 67 establishes medical standards and certification procedures for U.S. airmen. It prescribes eligibility requirements for first-, second-, and third-class medical certificates, including vision standards (distant and near acuity, color perception, visual fields), application procedures through designated aviation medical examiners, identity verification requirements, and access to the National Driver Register for background evaluation.
Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service Routes; and Reporting Points
This regulation designates Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace areas, air traffic service routes, and reporting points under 14 CFR Part 71. It incorporates by reference FAA Order JO 7400.11K (effective September 15, 2025–September 15, 2026) and establishes rules for aircraft position reporting, airspace overlap procedures, and ATS route classifications including jet routes, RNAV routes, and Federal airways.
Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft
14 CFR Part 29 establishes airworthiness standards for transport category rotorcraft type certification. It defines Category A and B certification requirements based on maximum weight and passenger capacity, mandates safety belt and shoulder harness provisions for all occupants, and requires compliance demonstration through testing or validated calculations across applicable weight and center-of-gravity combinations.
Flight Simulation Training Device Initial and Continuing Qualification and Use
This regulation establishes rules for the initial and continuing qualification and use of flight simulation training devices (FSTDs) used to meet aircraft crewmember certification and training requirements. It sets qualification performance standards for airplane and helicopter simulators, requires FAA-approved sponsors to maintain quality management systems for surveillance and analysis of FSTD performance, and defines compliance obligations for persons using these devices for flight training and evaluation.
Security Control of Air Traffic
14 CFR Part 99 establishes security control rules for aircraft operating in U.S. Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs) and defense areas. The regulation requires most civil aircraft to file DVFR flight plans, maintain continuous radio communication, and comply with special security instructions issued by the FAA in coordination with the Department of Defense and federal security agencies, with limited exemptions for short-range and low-speed operations.
General Operating and Flight Rules
This regulation establishes special flight rules for aircraft operating in the Grand Canyon National Park airspace up to 14,500 feet MSL. Operators must follow designated flight corridors at specified altitudes (8,000–13,500 feet MSL depending on location and direction) and avoid restricted areas, with exceptions for emergency, law enforcement, and authorized park operations. Compliance is required for both VFR and IFR operations.
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Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes
14 CFR Part 25, Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 13, establishes airworthiness standards and approval procedures for modifications to Douglas DC-3 and Lockheed L-18 transport category airplanes. The regulation permits increases in engine take-off power, installation of higher-displacement engines, and establishment of new maximum certificated weights, provided modifications comply with applicable Federal Aviation Administration rules and do not adversely affect flight safety characteristics.
Airworthiness Standards: Propellers
14 CFR Part 35 prescribes airworthiness standards for propeller type certificates and modifications. Applicants must demonstrate compliance with design, installation, and operational requirements, including propeller configuration documentation, approved installation and operation instructions, continued airworthiness procedures, and ratings/limitations for power, speed, and safety margins established through testing.
Airworthiness Directives
14 CFR Part 39 establishes the FAA's legal framework for Airworthiness Directives, enforceable rules applied to aircraft, engines, propellers, and appliances when unsafe conditions exist or are likely to develop. The regulation specifies compliance requirements including inspections and corrective actions, allows alternative compliance methods upon FAA approval, and mandates compliance for all identified products regardless of modifications.
Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration
This FAA regulation (14 CFR Part 43) establishes maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration requirements for U.S.-registered aircraft, foreign civil aircraft in common carriage, and their components. It specifies applicability limits, defines overhaul and rebuild standards, and authorizes certified mechanics and repairmen to perform these activities according to approved methods and technical data.
Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 73 establishes mandatory training and experience requirements for pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors operating Robinson R-22 and R-44 helicopters. Requirements include ground training covering energy management, mast bumping, low rotor RPM, low G conditions, and rotor RPM decay, plus specified aeronautical experience (200+ helicopter hours with 50+ in R-22, or 10 hours with flight instructor endorsement). Training must address autorotation procedures, emergency recovery, and rotor RPM control.
Investigative and Enforcement Procedures
14 CFR Part 13 establishes the FAA's investigative and enforcement procedures for violations of aviation statutes and regulations. It details authority delegation for investigations, procedures for filing violation reports and formal complaints, and the FAA's powers to conduct investigations, issue subpoenas, hold hearings, and take evidence. Complaints must be submitted in writing to the FAA's Office of the Chief Counsel and include specific details of alleged violations; subjects have 20 days to respond.
Administrative Claims Under Federal Tort Claims Act
14 CFR Part 15 establishes administrative procedures for filing claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act against the US for injuries, deaths, or property losses caused by negligent or wrongful acts of FAA employees. Claims must be submitted on Standard Form 95 to designated FAA offices, with specific rules for who may file, amendment procedures, and timelines for FAA disposition.
General Requirements
14 CFR Part 3 establishes general requirements for persons making records about type-certificated aircraft products and parts. It prohibits fraudulent, intentionally false, or materially misleading statements regarding airworthiness or acceptability for installation in advertisements and sales transactions. The regulation also addresses TSA security threat disqualifications affecting FAA certificates.
Intermodal Cargo Services by Foreign Air Carriers
14 CFR Part 222 establishes regulatory requirements for foreign air carriers providing intermodal cargo services (combined air and surface transportation) within the US. Direct foreign air carriers may control surface transportation within 35 miles of their authorized airports; beyond that zone requires Department authorization via Statement of Authorization. Indirect carriers and surface freight forwarders may provide surface portions without geographic limitation. The Department retains authority to approve, condition, or withdraw such services based on public interest considerations.
Airport Noise Compatibility Planning
14 CFR Part 150 establishes procedures and standards for airport noise compatibility planning. It requires public-use airport operators to develop noise exposure maps and compatibility programs, defines measurement methodologies for airport noise, and identifies land uses compatible with various noise exposure levels. The regulation provides technical assistance to airports and local authorities for noise planning implementation but does not constitute FAA financial commitment or determine land use acceptability under state or local law.
Protection of Voluntarily Submitted Information
14 CFR Part 193 establishes procedures for FAA protection of voluntarily submitted safety and security information from public disclosure. The regulation defines conditions under which the FAA may designate such information as protected, requiring findings that disclosure would inhibit future voluntary submissions and that protection is consistent with FAA safety and security responsibilities. De-identified or summarized information may be disclosed, and protection does not limit FAA enforcement action.
Drug and Alcohol Testing Program
14 CFR Part 120 establishes a mandatory drug and alcohol testing program for US aviation safety-sensitive employees, including air carriers, operators, air traffic control facilities, and maintenance certificate holders. The program aims to prevent accidents and injuries by testing covered employees for prohibited drugs and alcohol misuse, with procedures aligned to 49 CFR Part 40. Coverage expands December 20, 2027 to include certain international maintenance providers on US air carrier aircraft.
Representatives of the Administrator
This FAA regulation (14 CFR Part 183) establishes requirements for designating private persons and organizations as representatives of the Administrator to examine, inspect, and test aircraft and airmen for certification purposes. It details selection criteria, certification procedures, and privileges for various designated representatives including aviation medical examiners, pilot examiners, designated engineering representatives, and airworthiness representatives, along with certificate duration and termination conditions.
Operations: Foreign Air Carriers and Foreign Operators of U.S.-Registered Aircraft Engaged in Common Carriage
This regulation establishes operational requirements for foreign air carriers and foreign operators of U.S.-registered aircraft engaged in common carriage. It defines applicability to foreign carriers holding DOT permits, specifies operations specifications requirements aligned with ICAO standards (Annexes 1, 6, and 8), and requires compliance with personnel licensing, aircraft operation, and airworthiness standards for both domestic U.S. operations and U.S.-registered aircraft operated internationally.
Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations
This regulation establishes operating requirements for domestic, flag, and supplemental air carrier operations under 14 CFR Part 121. It prescribes rules for air carriers and operators holding certificates, including requirements for aircraft maintenance, crew qualifications, drug and alcohol prevention programs, and airworthiness standards. The rule applies to certificate holders, employees, and persons involved in training and evaluation functions.
Airport Aid Program
14 CFR Part 152 establishes the Airport Aid Program framework governing airport planning and development under the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970. It defines key terms including air carrier airports, airport development (construction, improvement, repairs, land acquisition, noise mitigation), airport hazards, and commuter service airports, setting eligibility and definitional criteria for federal airport assistance.
Notice of Construction, Alteration, Activation, and Deactivation of Airports
14 CFR Part 157 requires persons proposing to construct, alter, activate, or deactivate civil or joint-use airports to notify the FAA Administrator. Covered activities include establishing new airports, constructing or modifying runways and taxiways, changing airport status between private and public use, and modifying traffic patterns or IFR/VFR designations. Notice must be submitted on FAA Form 7480-1 at least 90 days in advance, with limited exceptions for emergencies.
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 120—Powered-Lift: Pilot Certification and Training; Operations Requirements
SFAR No. 120 establishes pilot certification, training, and operations requirements for powered-lift aircraft. It prescribes certificate and rating requirements for powered-lift pilots, general operating rules for all powered-lift operations, requirements for training and testing using powered-lift or flight simulation training devices, and maintenance/inspection requirements. The regulation applies to persons operating powered-lift under FAA parts 91, 135, and 136, and incorporates existing FAA regulations for pilot certification, operations, and aircraft maintenance.
Training Centers
14 CFR Part 142 establishes certification and operational requirements for aviation training centers providing instruction required by various FAA regulations. Training centers must obtain certification from the Administrator before conducting training using advanced flight training devices or flight simulators, unless exemptions apply. The rule defines key terms including training equipment types, instructor qualifications, and curriculum structures.
Charter Rules for U.S. and Foreign Direct Air Carriers
14 CFR Part 212 establishes charter rules for U.S. and foreign direct air carriers operating charter flights in interstate and foreign air transportation. It defines various charter types (affinity, single entity, gambling junket, mixed, and multi-freedom charters), applies to certificated U.S. air carriers and foreign air carriers with permits, and exempts commuter carriers and small aircraft operators. The rules govern charter contracts and operations without restricting points served for scheduled carriers conducting charters.
Aviation Insurance
14 CFR Part 198 establishes the FAA's aviation insurance program for eligible aircraft operations. Eligibility requires presidential determination that the operation is necessary for US foreign policy, the operation involves foreign or international air commerce, and commercial insurance cannot be obtained on reasonable terms. The FAA may issue premium or standby insurance covering aircraft, personnel, baggage, property, and liability for operators meeting these criteria.
Use of Federal Aviation Administration Communications System
14 CFR Part 189 establishes policies governing FAA Flight Service Station transmission and relay of messages related to aviation operations. Authorized messages include distress signals, safety communications, flight safety information, meteorological data, aeronautical administrative messages, and notices to airmen. Additionally, flight regularity messages concerning aircraft scheduling, servicing, weight/balance, and operational logistics may be relayed when non-US communications facilities are inadequate.
State Block Grant Pilot Program
14 CFR Part 156 establishes the State Block Grant Pilot Program under the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982. It sets procedures for state participation, application requirements, and administration of block grants for airport development, planning, and noise compatibility projects. Selected states may distribute federal funds to eligible airports within their boundaries, subject to eligibility restrictions and compliance requirements.
Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators
14 CFR Part 119 establishes certification requirements for air carriers and commercial operators of civil aircraft in the U.S., including aircraft with 20+ passenger seats or 6,000+ lb payload capacity. It prescribes types of FAA air operator certificates, operator eligibility standards, operations specifications, management personnel requirements, and aircraft wet-leasing rules. Exemptions apply to student instruction, certain air tours, ferry flights, aerial work operations, and sightseeing flights in balloons or gliders.
Certification and Operations: Aircraft Having a Seating Capacity of 20 or More Passengers or a Maximum Payload Capacity of 6,000 Pounds or More; and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft
14 CFR Part 125 establishes certification and operational requirements for U.S.-registered civil aircraft with 20+ passenger seating capacity or 6,000+ pound maximum payload capacity operating under non-common carriage. The regulation prescribes rules for aircraft operations, airworthiness maintenance, and persons on board, with exemptions for aircraft operating under other FAA parts and operators holding appropriate certificates or deviation authority from the Administrator.
Airport Operations
14 CFR Part 153 establishes requirements for Aviation Safety Inspector access to public-use airports and facilities. It defines key airport security areas (AOA, SIDA, and secured areas) and requires airports, aircraft operators, and tenants to grant FAA inspectors bearing Form 110A free and uninterrupted access to all airport areas for inspection and compliance testing duties.
Testimony by Employees and Production of Records in Legal Proceedings, and Service of Legal Process and Pleadings
This FAA regulation designates officials authorized to accept legal service on behalf of the FAA and the Secretary of Transportation, and specifies procedures for employee testimony and record production in legal proceedings involving the FAA.
Rotorcraft External-Load Operations
14 CFR Part 133 establishes airworthiness certification and operating rules for rotorcraft external-load operations in the United States. It requires operators to obtain a Rotorcraft External-Load Operator Certificate, valid for 24 months, demonstrating compliance with aircraft requirements, crew qualifications, and load-combination classes. The rule applies to all persons conducting such operations except government entities and manufacturers during development and compliance demonstrations.
Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity: Special Authorizations and Exemptions
This regulation establishes special authorizations and exemptions for air carriers under 14 CFR Part 206. It permits emergency medical transportation, exempts carriers from certain schedule filing requirements, allows all-cargo carriers to transport journalists on regularly scheduled flights, exempts military contract operations from tariff filing rules, and provides simplified regulatory requirements for certificated carriers operating small aircraft while maintaining key safety and reporting standards.
Operating Requirements: Commuter and on Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft
14 CFR Part 135 prescribes operating requirements for commuter and on-demand aircraft operations, including rules for Air Carrier and Operating Certificate holders, aircraft maintenance, mail transportation, training programs, commercial air tours, and persons on board. The regulation covers helicopter air ambulances, aircraft maintenance standards, drug and alcohol testing, and compliance schedules for operators transitioning between regulatory categories.
Agricultural Aircraft Operations
14 CFR Part 137 establishes certification and operating rules for agricultural aircraft operations in the United States, including the dispensing of economic poisons, plant nutrients, soil treatments, and pest control substances. Operators must obtain agricultural aircraft operator certificates from the FAA, with exemptions for government agencies and certain rotorcraft operations. The regulation defines agricultural aircraft operations and economic poisons, and prescribes procedures for certificate application, amendment, and deviation reporting during public emergencies.
Commercial Air Tours and National Parks Air Tour Management
14 CFR Part 136 establishes national air tour safety standards applicable to commercial air tour operators using airplanes, powered-lifts, and rotorcraft. The regulation defines commercial air tours as flights conducted for compensation where sightseeing is a purpose, and sets requirements for Part 91, 119, 121, and 135 certificate holders. It mandates life preserver provisions, defines suitable landing areas for rotorcraft, and allows pilot deviation in emergencies. Balloons, gliders, parachutes, gyroplanes, and airships are excluded.
Pilot Schools
14 CFR Part 141 establishes requirements for pilot school certification by the FAA, including standards for issuing pilot school certificates and provisional certificates with various ratings. Schools must meet specific criteria including maintaining 80% pass rates on knowledge and practical tests, graduating at least 10 students, and following approved training curricula for recreational, private, commercial, instrument, and airline transport pilot courses, as well as specialized flight training programs.
Repair Stations
14 CFR Part 145 establishes certification and operational requirements for repair stations that perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations on aircraft, airframes, engines, propellers, appliances, and components. The regulation defines key roles such as accountable managers and persons directly in charge, specifies application requirements including repair station and quality control manuals, and requires FAA-issued certificates and operations specifications before operations commence.
Federal Aid to Airports
14 CFR Part 151 prescribes policies and procedures for administering the Federal-aid Airport Program. It establishes the National Airport Plan to identify public airports eligible for federal funding, requires approved airport layout plans for all development projects, and mandates that projects provide safe, useful, and usable airport facilities or improvements while considering national defense needs and allowing staged construction over multiple fiscal years.
Passenger Facility Charges (PFC's)
14 CFR Part 158 establishes regulations for Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) imposed by public agencies controlling commercial service airports. The regulation defines key terms including airport, PFC, allowable costs, and approved projects, and outlines the FAA's role in approving PFC imposition and collection procedures. It applies to commercial airports enplaning 2,500+ passengers annually and receiving scheduled passenger service.
Free and Reduced-Rate Transportation
14 CFR Part 223 establishes regulatory framework for free and reduced-rate transportation services by air carriers and foreign air carriers. It defines key terms including affiliates, attendants, passengers with disabilities, and specifies exemptions for all-cargo carriers carrying technical representatives for aircraft observation and testing purposes.
Notice and Approval of Airport Noise and Access Restrictions
14 CFR Part 161 establishes notice and approval procedures for airports implementing noise and access restrictions on aircraft operations under the Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990. The regulation prescribes requirements for Stage 2 and Stage 3 aircraft restrictions, including notice procedures, analysis requirements, FAA review and approval processes, and definitions of key terms such as airport operators, aircraft operators, and noise metrics like day-night average sound level (DNL).
Expenditure of Federal Funds for Nonmilitary Airports or Air Navigation Facilities Thereon
14 CFR Part 169 establishes the process for obtaining FAA recommendation and certification that proposed nonmilitary airport or air navigation facility projects are reasonably necessary for air commerce or national defense before Federal funds are expended. Applicants must file with the appropriate FAA regional office, providing project details, aircraft usage data, and evidence of necessity, with the Administrator issuing certification upon finding conformity with airspace plans and Federal law.
Non-Federal Navigation Facilities
14 CFR Part 171 establishes minimum requirements for approval and operation of non-Federal VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) navigation facilities used in instrument flight rules and air traffic control procedures. Facility owners must demonstrate equipment performance compliance, proper installation, reliable maintenance organization, and operational reliability through FAA inspection before IFR procedure approval. Owners must maintain the facility per FAA standards, provide periodic reports, allow FAA inspections, and assume all associated costs.
Fees
This FAA regulation (14 CFR Part 187) establishes fees for FAA services not covered elsewhere, including overflight fees through U.S.-controlled airspace, duplicate licenses ($2), document copies, and certification services. Fees apply to air traffic management, communications, navigation, radar surveillance, and emergency services. Payment must be made in U.S. currency before service provision, with remittances of $1,000+ required via electronic funds transfer. Failure to pay fees may result in denial or revocation of FAA approvals.
Air Carrier Authority Under Subtitle VII of Title 49 of the United States Code
14 CFR Part 201 establishes application procedures for air carriers seeking certificates of public convenience and necessity under 49 U.S.C. Subtitle VII. The regulation specifies formal requirements for applications, including filing procedures, fitness determinations for commuter carriers, content specifications, and restrictions on advertising and sales prior to Department approval. Applications must distinguish between interstate and foreign air transportation requests and specify service types (passengers, property, mail) and operational modes (scheduled or charter).
Definitions and Instructions
14 CFR Part 200 establishes definitions and citation instructions for aviation regulations under the Department of Transportation. It defines key terms including DOT, FAA, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, and explains how to cite regulatory sections and rules of practice.
Data to Support Fitness Determinations
14 CFR Part 204 establishes data submission requirements for applicants seeking air carrier certificates and for existing carriers proposing substantial operational, ownership, or management changes. It defines key terms including certificate authority, commuter air carriers, essential air service, and fitness standards, and specifies which personnel qualifications must be documented.
Waiver of Warsaw Convention Liability Limits and Defenses
14 CFR Part 203 requires U.S. and foreign direct air carriers to waive passenger liability limits and certain defenses under the Warsaw Convention by adhering to the Montreal Agreement (Agreement 18900, dated May 13, 1966). Carriers must file signed counterparts with the Department of Transportation and include Montreal Agreement terms in their conditions of carriage. The regulation establishes a minimum liability limit of $75,000 for passenger injury and death and waives carriers' negligence defense. Compliance is a condition of operating authority in air transportation.
Aircraft Accident Liability Insurance
U.S. and foreign direct air carriers must maintain aircraft accident liability insurance coverage to obtain or exercise operating authority. Carriers must have current insurance policies or self-insurance plans available for Department inspection, with certificates of insurance detailing coverage limits and aircraft types. Insurance may be obtained from licensed U.S. insurers, surplus line insurers, or foreign government-approved insurers.
Terms, Conditions and Limitations of Foreign Air Carrier Permits
This regulation establishes terms, conditions, and limitations for foreign air carrier permits authorizing scheduled international air transportation to and from the United States. Foreign carriers must file traffic data as required by the Department, and must obtain Department approval of service schedules under specified conditions, particularly when no bilateral air transport agreement exists or when the foreign government has impaired U.S. carrier operating rights.
Applications for Permits to Foreign Air Carriers
This regulation establishes filing and evidence requirements for foreign air carriers applying for permits to engage in foreign air transportation in the United States under 49 USC 41301. It specifies applicability (excluding certain Canadian and charter operators), filing specifications including format and language requirements, verification procedures, amendment processes, and documentation standards for initial, renewal, transfer, or amendment applications submitted to the Department of Transportation.
Use and Change of Names of Air Carriers, Foreign Air Carriers and Commuter Air Carriers
14 CFR Part 215 establishes rules for how air carriers, commuter air carriers, and foreign air carriers use and change their operational names. It requires carriers to use only names authorized in their operating certificates or registered trade names, permits minor variations like abbreviations, and mandates registration of name changes with the Department of Transportation. The regulation includes procedures for comparing proposed names against existing carrier names to prevent public confusion and requires notification to carriers with identical or similar names.
Commingling of Blind Sector Traffic by Foreign Air Carriers
This regulation establishes requirements for foreign air carriers seeking authorization to commingle blind sector traffic (revenue traffic between two foreign points where at least one is not listed as a terminal or intermediate point in the carrier's permit) with permitted air transportation. Foreign carriers must obtain either a Special Authorization from the Department of Transportation or explicit permit language to carry such traffic. Applications must detail the flights, routing, traffic description, and demonstrate reciprocal privileges and public interest benefits.
Reporting Traffic Statistics by Foreign Air Carriers in Civilian Scheduled, Charter, and Nonscheduled Services
14 CFR Part 217 establishes reporting requirements for foreign air carriers operating civilian scheduled, charter, and nonscheduled services in the US. The regulation defines key terms including revenue passengers (those generating commercial remuneration), nonrevenue passengers (traveling free or at discounted rates, including employees and authorized personnel), and reporting carriers (those in operational control of flights). Foreign air carriers must report traffic statistics according to these standardized definitions.
Tariffs
14 CFR Part 221 establishes tariff filing and compliance requirements for U.S. and foreign air carriers. All carriers must file tariffs with the Department showing fares, charges, and service terms for foreign air transportation, maintain them for public inspection, and charge only the fares specified in effective tariffs. Certain cargo, charter, and exempt operations are excluded from filing requirements.
Aviation Maintenance Technician Schools
14 CFR Part 147 establishes requirements for aviation maintenance technician schools, including certification, operating standards, facilities, and curriculum. Schools must obtain certificates and ratings (Airframe, Powerplant, or both), maintain appropriate facilities and equipment, provide qualified instructors, and ensure training aligns with FAA mechanic certification standards to prepare students for mechanic certificates.
Lease by Foreign Air Carrier or Other Foreign Person of Aircraft with Crew
This regulation governs leasing of aircraft with crew by foreign air carriers and non-U.S. citizens for foreign air transportation. Lessors must hold a foreign air carrier permit, approved registration, or receive an exemption from the Department. Aircraft are considered leased with crew if the lessor furnishes or employs the pilot in command or majority of crew, or if operations are under FAA specifications. Lessees must comply with these requirements as a condition of their operating authority.
Terms, Conditions, and Limitations of Foreign Air Carrier Permits Authorizing Charter Transportation Only
This regulation establishes the terms, conditions, and limitations for foreign air carriers operating under permits that authorize charter transportation only. Charter operations must comply with the provisions of 14 CFR Part 212.
Certification of Airports
14 CFR Part 139 establishes certification and operational requirements for U.S. airports serving scheduled or unscheduled passenger-carrying air carrier operations above specified seat thresholds. The regulation defines airport classes, the role of accountable executives, and airport safety management systems, with exemptions for alternate airports, U.S. government-operated airports, and certain Alaskan facilities. AFFF (aqueous film forming foam) is addressed as part of airport safety infrastructure.
Release of Airport Property from Surplus Property Disposal Restrictions
This regulation establishes procedures for releasing airport property from surplus property disposal restrictions imposed under the Surplus Property Act of 1944. The FAA Administrator may grant releases if the property no longer serves its original purpose or if the release will not prevent accomplishing that purpose and advances US civil aviation interests. Releases may apply to land, equipment, or structures for non-airport uses, salvage, or other disposal.
Establishment and Discontinuance Criteria for Air Traffic Control Services and Navigational Facilities
14 CFR Part 170 establishes criteria for the establishment and discontinuance of air traffic control (ATC) services and navigational facilities (NAVAIDs) operated by the United States. The regulation defines key terms including air navigation facilities, air traffic control services, aircraft operations, airport traffic control towers, and related aviation infrastructure. It sets standards for determining when ATC services and navigation aids should be implemented at or withdrawn from airports.