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Food Standards: General
21 CFR Part 130 establishes general provisions for food standards under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. It defines key terms, procedures for establishing food standards through formal petition and public hearing processes, and FDA's review framework for Codex Alimentarius standards. All standardized foods must comply with ingredient listing requirements, use only safe and suitable ingredients, and cannot be adulterated or misbranded regardless of compliance with specific food definitions.
Substances Generally Recognized as Safe
21 CFR Part 182 establishes FDA regulations for substances generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food. The regulation defines GRAS status, outlines good manufacturing practice requirements including quantity restrictions and food-grade purity standards, and lists approved food ingredients such as spices, essential oils, natural extractives, and synthetic flavoring substances that may be used in accordance with the established guidelines.
Vegetable Juices
21 CFR Part 156 establishes standards for vegetable juices, defining quality and composition metrics including color strength (measured by Munsell color disc comparison), tomato soluble solids content (determined by refractive index), and salt content (sodium chloride). The regulation specifies sampling and acceptance procedures to determine compliance with quality and fill standards for lots of canned vegetable juice products.
Frozen Vegetables
21 CFR Part 158 establishes standards for frozen vegetables, specifically defining identity, size specifications, and labeling requirements. Frozen peas must be prepared from Pisum sativum L., blanched, drained, and frozen to −18 °C or lower. Standards address acceptable quality levels, defect criteria, size grading (minimum 80% by weight of declared size), and mandatory label declarations including product name, freezing method, flavoring, and condiments.
Cacao Products
21 CFR Part 163 establishes standards for cacao products, including specifications for cacao nibs. The regulation prescribes analytical methods for determining shell and fat content, defines cacao nibs as shelled cacao beans with maximum 1.75% shell content, permits optional alkali processing and neutralizing agents within specified limits, and requires labeling statements identifying processing methods used.
Indirect Food Additives: Adhesives and Components of Coatings
21 CFR Part 175 establishes safety standards for indirect food additives used in adhesives and coatings that contact food through packaging. Adhesives may be safely used in food packaging if they contain approved substances, remain separated from food by a functional barrier or meet contact limits, and are properly labeled. Pressure-sensitive adhesives for labels and tapes on poultry, dry foods, and processed fruits/vegetables must be formulated from safe substances or prior-approved components, with specified limits on antioxidants, optical brighteners, and photoinitiators.
Food Dressings and Flavorings
21 CFR Part 169 establishes food safety standards for dressings and flavorings. It defines vanilla beans, unit weights, and vanilla constituents for flavoring use. Mayonnaise standards require minimum 65% vegetable oil, specified acidifying ingredients (vinegar or citrus juice at ≥2.5% acidity), egg-derived ingredients, and permitted optional additives including salt, sweeteners, and spices, with all ingredients required to be safe and suitable.
Imprinting of Solid Oral Dosage Form Drug Products for Human Use
21 CFR Part 206 requires manufacturers to imprint solid oral dosage form drug products (tablets, capsules) with identification codes via embossing, debossing, engraving, or printing. The rule applies to prescription, over-the-counter, biological, and homeopathic drugs unless exempted. Exemptions include clinical investigation drugs, bioequivalence study drugs, extemporaneously compounded drugs, radiopharmaceuticals, and products where imprinting is technologically infeasible due to size or physical characteristics.
Cheeses and Related Cheese Products
21 CFR Part 133 establishes federal standards of identity and compositional requirements for cheeses and related cheese products, including definitions of milk, cream, and pasteurization standards. It specifies analytical methods for measuring moisture, milkfat, and phosphatase levels in cheeses and requires proper labeling of pasteurized process cheese products with equal prominence of all name components.
Direct Food Substances Affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe
21 CFR Part 184 establishes the regulatory framework for direct food substances affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA. Ingredients listed must be used in accordance with current good manufacturing practice, appropriate food grade standards, and prescribed conditions of use. The regulation specifies that GRAS affirmation may be limited by food category, functional use, or usage level, and any use outside these limitations requires separate food additive authorization.
Prior-Sanctioned Food Ingredients
21 CFR Part 181 establishes regulatory procedures for food ingredients with prior FDA or USDA approval before September 6, 1958. These prior-sanctioned ingredients are exempt from food additive classification but remain subject to safety review. The FDA may impose limitations, conditions, or prohibitions on use if scientific evidence shows potential health risks, and may issue emergency action levels pending final regulations.
Labeling
FDA regulation 21 CFR 201.1 establishes labeling requirements for finished pharmaceutical drug products, mandating that labels conspicuously display the manufacturer's, packer's, or distributor's name and place of business. The rule defines manufacturer status based on performance of specific operations including mixing, tableting, encapsulating, sterilizing, and filling; allows shared manufacturing designations when multiple parties perform different operations; and clarifies that certain contracted operations (soft-gelatin encapsulation, aerosol filling, sterilization by irradiation, lyophilization, and ethylene oxide sterilization) do not disqualify primary manufacturer designation.
Canned Fruits
21 CFR Part 145 establishes federal standards of identity and quality for canned fruits. It defines key ingredients and processing terms including corn sirup, glucose sirup, invert sugar sirup, fruit juice, and packing media. The regulation specifies compositional requirements, density measurement procedures, and labeling standards to ensure safety and consistency in canned fruit products.
Margarine
21 CFR Part 166 establishes labeling requirements for margarine and oleomargarine products. Manufacturers must display the word "margarine" or "oleomargarine" prominently on all package panels in type at least as large as any other label text, meeting specific height, area, and boldness criteria. Products must comply with identity standards and include full ingredient statements. Requirements apply to both colored and uncolored margarine sold in interstate commerce.
Eggs and Egg Products
21 CFR Part 160 establishes standards of identity and composition for eggs and egg products, including dried eggs and frozen eggs. Dried eggs must contain at least 95% egg solids and be free of viable Salmonella, with optional glucose removal via enzyme or yeast procedures and anticaking agents (silicon dioxide ≤1% or sodium silicoaluminate <2%). Frozen eggs must similarly be Salmonella-free and may contain monosodium or monopotassium phosphate (≤0.5% by weight). All ingredients must be labeled.
Tree Nut and Peanut Products
21 CFR Part 164 establishes standardized definitions and labeling requirements for mixed nuts products. Mixed nuts must contain at least three to four shelled tree nut and/or peanut ingredients in specified varieties, with each ingredient comprising 2-80% by weight. The regulation prescribes labeling requirements, including disclosure of predominant nut ingredients exceeding 50% by weight, and testing procedures to verify compliance with composition and fill standards.
Antiemetic Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use
21 CFR Part 336 establishes standards for over-the-counter antiemetic drug products in oral form. Approved active ingredients are cyclizine hydrochloride, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, and meclizine hydrochloride, each with specific dosage limits and age restrictions. Products must be labeled as antiemetics for motion sickness prevention and treatment, with warnings regarding breathing problems, glaucoma, urinary difficulties, age restrictions, and drowsiness risks.
Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use [Stayed Indefinitely]
This regulation establishes standards for over-the-counter sunscreen drug products, including definitions of sun protection factor (SPF) categories, permitted active ingredients with concentration limits (such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, avobenzone, and oxybenzone), and testing procedures to ensure safety and efficacy for topical use.
Anorectal Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use
This FDA regulation (21 CFR Part 346) establishes standards for over-the-counter anorectal drug products for external or rectal use. It defines permitted active ingredients including local anesthetics (benzocaine, lidocaine, tetracaine), vasoconstrictors (ephedrine, epinephrine, phenylephrine), and protectants (petrolatum, mineral oil, lanolin, cocoa butter), with specified concentration ranges for safety and efficacy in treating symptoms of anorectal disorders.
External Analgesic Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use
This FDA regulation establishes safety, efficacy, and labeling standards for over-the-counter external analgesic drug products for topical use, specifically male genital desensitizers containing benzocaine (3-7.5%) or lidocaine (metered spray ~10mg). Products must include required labeling for indications, warnings about potential rashes or irritation, and specific application directions, with mandatory disclosure that premature ejaculation may require medical supervision.
Special Requirements for Specific Human Drugs
This regulation establishes special requirements for specific human drugs under 21 CFR Part 250. It designates thyroid-containing drug preparations combined with central nervous system stimulants as misbranded when marketed for obesity treatment unrelated to hypothyroidism, finding no medical rationale for such use in patients with normal thyroid function. Additionally, stramonium preparations are regarded as misbranded if labeled for self-medication due to documented abuse potential and serious toxic effects including delirium and coma from oral ingestion.
Current Good Manufacturing Practice, Hazard Analysis, and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals
This regulation establishes current good manufacturing practice (CGMP), hazard analysis, and risk-based preventive controls for animal food facilities in the US. It defines applicability criteria, prohibits operation of non-compliant animal food manufacturing facilities, and establishes requirements for hazard analysis and preventive controls. Facilities manufacturing both human and animal food may comply with human food standards instead if requirements are met.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Human Drugs Which Are Generally Recognized as Safe and Effective and Not Misbranded
21 CFR Part 330 establishes requirements for over-the-counter human drugs to be recognized as safe, effective, and not misbranded. OTC drugs must comply with current good manufacturing practices, be manufactured at registered establishments, meet labeling requirements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, contain only safe inactive ingredients, and include required warnings such as keeping products out of reach of children and overdose instructions.
Antiperspirant Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use
FDA regulation 21 CFR Part 350 establishes safety, efficacy, and labeling standards for over-the-counter antiperspirant drug products. The regulation specifies permitted active ingredients (aluminum and aluminum-zirconium compounds) at defined concentration limits, requires proper product identification and indications labeling, and references compliance with general OTC drug provisions under 21 CFR Part 330.
Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Type a Medicated Articles
21 CFR Part 226 establishes current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) requirements for Type A medicated articles used in animal feeds. The regulation mandates that manufacturers maintain adequate personnel qualifications, facility construction and maintenance standards, and equipment controls to ensure products meet safety, identity, strength, quality, and purity specifications. Requirements include proper building design with adequate space for segregated operations, appropriate environmental controls, and facility maintenance protocols to prevent contamination and cross-mixing of products.
Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals
21 CFR Part 211 establishes minimum current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) standards for finished pharmaceutical drug products for human and animal use. The regulation requires establishment of a quality control unit with authority to approve/reject components, containers, in-process materials, and finished products; mandates adequate laboratory facilities for testing; and requires personnel to have appropriate education, training, and experience in manufacturing operations and cGMP requirements.
Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, or Holding of Drugs; General
21 CFR Part 210 establishes minimum current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) standards for the manufacture, processing, packing, and holding of drugs to ensure safety, identity, strength, quality, and purity. Non-compliance renders drugs adulterated and subjects responsible persons to regulatory action. Requirements apply to drug manufacturers, human cell/tissue product handlers, and biological product producers, with exemptions for certain phase 1 investigational drugs.
Skin Protectant Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use
21 CFR Part 347 establishes standards for over-the-counter skin protectant drug products, including lip balms and products for poison ivy/oak/sumac dermatitis. The regulation defines permitted active ingredients (such as allantoin, calamine, cocoa butter, dimethicone, glycerin, lanolin, mineral oil, petrolatum, zinc oxide) with specified concentration ranges, and astringent active ingredients (aluminum acetate, aluminum sulfate, witch hazel). Manufacturers must comply with labeling and combination requirements to be deemed safe and effective.
Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Positron Emission Tomography Drugs
Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations for positron emission tomography (PET) drugs under 21 CFR Part 212. Establishes definitions and requirements for manufacturing PET drugs, including specifications for active pharmaceutical ingredients, batch production and control records, master production procedures, quality acceptance criteria, and final release authorizations by responsible persons in PET production facilities.
Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicated Feeds
21 CFR Part 225 establishes current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) standards for medicated feeds to ensure drug safety, identity, strength, quality, and purity. The regulation applies to all facilities and equipment used in medicated feed production, requires qualified personnel with adequate training and supervision, and mandates proper building construction, maintenance, and sanitation to prevent contamination and pest infestation.
Internal Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Antirheumatic Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use
21 CFR Part 343 establishes standards for over-the-counter analgesic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic drug products for oral use in humans. The regulation identifies aspirin and buffered aspirin as permitted active ingredients for cardiovascular and rheumatologic use, specifies requirements for product combinations with antacids, mandates dissolution testing standards, and prescribes detailed professional labeling requirements including comprehensive prescribing information with standardized section headings and content.
Common or Usual Names for Nonstandardized Animal Foods
21 CFR Part 502 establishes requirements for common or usual names of nonstandardized animal foods. Manufacturers must use simple, accurate names that identify the food's basic nature and characterizing properties. Percentage declarations of key ingredients and statements about ingredient presence or absence are required when they materially affect price, consumer acceptance, or could otherwise mislead consumers. Font size and placement requirements apply to percentage and presence/absence declarations on product labels.
Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Medical Gases
21 CFR Part 213 establishes current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) requirements for the preparation of designated medical gases for human and animal administration. The regulation defines key terms including batches, lots, components, acceptance criteria, and lot numbering requirements. It applies to manufacturers and processors involved in liquefied, nonliquefied, or cryogenic medical gas production, packaging, labeling, testing, and quality control operations.
Interpretative Statements Re Warnings on Drugs and Devices for Over-the-Counter Sale
21 CFR Part 369 provides interpretative guidance on warning and caution statements for over-the-counter drugs and devices subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. It establishes definitions, clarifies labeling requirements, and suggests warning language to help manufacturers ensure adequate user protection. The regulation emphasizes manufacturer responsibility for compliance and notes that suggested warnings are illustrative, not exhaustive.
Energy Efficiency Standards for the Design and Construction of New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High-Rise Residential Buildings
10 CFR Part 433 establishes energy efficiency performance standards for new Federal commercial and multi-family high-rise residential buildings with design start dates after January 3, 2007. It sets maximum fossil fuel-generated energy consumption limits for buildings and major renovations commencing after May 1, 2025, and requires green building certification for projects beginning after October 14, 2015. Standards reference ASHRAE 90.1 baseline buildings from 2004 through 2019.
Alternative Fuel Transportation Program
10 CFR Part 490 implements the Alternative Fuel Transportation Program under the Energy Policy Act of 1992, establishing requirements and definitions for State government and alternative fuel provider fleets. The regulation defines alternative fuels (methanol, ethanol, natural gas, biodiesel, hydrogen, electricity, etc.), alternative-fueled vehicles, and operational requirements for centrally-fueled vehicle fleets, setting the framework for federal fleet compliance with alternative fuel acquisition mandates.
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products
10 CFR Part 430 establishes the federal energy conservation program for consumer products under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The regulation defines key terms and establishes testing procedures and efficiency standards for appliances including refrigerators, furnaces, boilers, water heaters, clothes washers, and lighting products. Manufacturers must comply with prescribed efficiency metrics and test procedures to demonstrate product compliance.
Energy Code for New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise Residential Buildings
10 CFR Part 434 establishes minimum energy efficiency standards for design of new Federal commercial and multi-family high-rise residential buildings where design began before January 3, 2007. Based on ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1989, it mandates efficiency requirements for building envelopes, electrical distribution, lighting, HVAC, water heating, and energy management systems, excluding buildings under 100 sq ft or those with minimal conditioning loads.
Certification, Compliance, and Enforcement for Consumer Products and Commercial and Industrial Equipment
10 CFR Part 429 establishes procedures for certification, compliance determination, and enforcement of energy conservation standards for consumer products and commercial/industrial equipment including HVAC systems, boilers, refrigeration equipment, and electric motors. Manufacturers must comply with applicable energy conservation standards from 10 CFR Parts 430 and 431, with certification conducted by independent, nationally recognized programs following ISO/IEC 17025 and NIST standards.
Energy Conservation Standards for Manufactured Homes
10 CFR Part 460 establishes mandatory energy conservation standards for manufactured homes produced at the factory prior to distribution. Manufacturers must comply with requirements based on staggered effective dates (60 and 180 days after publication of enforcement procedures). Standards reference the 2021 International Energy Conservation Code and define key terms related to building thermal envelopes, air barriers, conditioned/unconditioned spaces, and HVAC systems.
Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment
This regulation establishes energy efficiency standards and requirements for commercial and industrial equipment including HVAC systems, water heaters, electric motors, refrigeration units, and lighting products under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. It defines covered equipment categories and establishes testing methods and efficiency determination procedures for manufacturers to comply with DOE energy conservation standards.
Performance Standard for Electrode Lead Wires and Patient Cables
This regulation establishes a performance standard for electrode lead wires and patient cables used with medical devices, requiring connectors with conductive patient connections to comply with IEC 601-1 subclause 56.3(c). Manufacturers must demonstrate compliance through inspection and testing by May 1998 for specified devices and May 2000 for others, with provisions for exemptions or variances upon petition.
Unique Device Identification
21 CFR Part 830 establishes requirements for unique device identification (UDI) of medical devices. The regulation defines key terms including UDI, device identifier, production identifier, labeler, and automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technology. UDIs must adequately identify devices through distribution and use, comprising a fixed device identifier and conditional production identifier elements such as lot/batch number, serial number, expiration date, or manufacturing date. The Global Unique Device Identification Database (GUDID) serves as the repository for device identification information.
Performance Standards for Ionizing Radiation Emitting Products
21 CFR Part 1020 establishes performance standards for ionizing radiation emitted by television receivers with cathode ray tubes manufactured after January 15, 1970. The regulation limits radiation exposure rates to 0.5 milliroentgens per hour at 5 centimeters from the external surface, with measurement requirements and testing conditions specified for user controls, service controls, and component failure scenarios. Manufacturers must affix warning labels on receivers exceeding exposure limits.
Irradiation in the Production, Processing, and Handling of Animal Feed and Pet Food
21 CFR Part 579 establishes safety standards for using ionizing radiation in animal feed and pet food production. Facilities may use gamma rays (cobalt-60, cesium-137) or electrons (up to 10 MeV) to treat complete animal diets and ingredients. For poultry feed, additional X-ray sources are permitted. Minimum effective dose for salmonella control is 2.0 kGy; maximum is 25 kGy. Facilities must comply with Part 507 and incorporate applicable Part 179 food irradiation regulations.
Food Substances Affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe in Feed and Drinking Water of Animals
This regulation affirms certain food substances as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in animal feed and drinking water. Specific substances listed include ethyl alcohol with ethyl acetate as an energy source in ruminant supplements, hydrophobic silicas as anticaking agents in vitamin preparations (limited to 5%), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 as a vitamin D3 source in broiler chicken feed and water (not exceeding 69 ppb in feed or 34.5 ppb in water), each with defined purity and usage specifications.
Additional Standards for Human Blood and Blood Products
21 CFR Part 640 establishes manufacturing and quality standards for human whole blood and blood products intended for transfusion. Requirements cover donor examination, blood collection using sterile pyrogen-free containers with approved anticoagulants, storage at 1–6 °C, labeling, tamper-proof sealing, and aseptic processing to prevent contamination. Licensed establishments must supervise all manufacturing steps including donor identification, laboratory testing, and reissue conditions.
General
21 CFR Part 1000 establishes general provisions and definitions for the regulation of electronic products that emit radiation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Key terms include electronic product radiation (ionizing or nonionizing electromagnetic or particulate radiation, or sonic/ultrasonic waves), electronic products (manufactured items containing electronic circuits that emit such radiation), and related industry roles such as manufacturers, distributors, and dealers. The regulation provides foundational definitions for chassis families, component classifications, and model designations used in subsequent radiation safety standards.
Mammography
21 CFR Part 900 implements the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) by establishing procedures for FDA-approved accreditation bodies to evaluate mammography facilities and setting minimum national quality standards. The regulation defines key terms related to mammography operations, including accreditation bodies, adverse events (poor image quality, delayed reporting, unqualified personnel), air kerma measurement, and continuing education requirements for clinical staff.
Labeling and Packaging Requirements for Controlled Substances
21 CFR Part 1302 establishes labeling and packaging requirements for controlled substances distributed in the United States. Manufacturers must print schedule symbols on commercial containers and labeling in a prominent, easily identifiable manner. Specific exemptions apply to containers too small to accommodate labels, clinical research involving blind studies, and exported substances. All containers must be sealed to detect tampering. These requirements apply to imported controlled substances but not to those intended for export.